The presentation tier presents the response generated by the application tier and presents the result to the user. This tier is also capable of knowledge management, content management, community management, and collaboration management. The portal server type software issued for implementation of the presentation tier. The business service tier is responsible for handling the backend of the system and handling the mechanism that is used for presenting the result on the presentation tier.
All the processing and main development work reside in this tier. The business service tier also contains application components and portlets that are deployed in the application server and web server. The business tier contains numerous applications that are: ERP Enterprise Resource Planning system, email systems, and calendar servers, and many more.
The data tier is used as the storage tier used by the business service tier to store the persistent data and information in it. The data is stored that the presentation tier can be further used to present the result to the user and display the results to the user.
The logical architecture is a type of diagram used for designing the system and contains various components for designing the system. Through this architecture, detailed information can be collected about the system. This is a guide to Logical Architecture. Here we also discuss the introduction and components of logical architecture along with a diagram of logical architecture.
You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more —. Other models are more iterative—such as evolutionary prototyping and agile development. These approaches tend to treat construction as an activity that occurs concurrently with other software development activities including requirements, design, and planning or that overlaps them.
These approaches tend to mix design, coding, and testing activities, and they often treat the combination of activities as construction see the Software Management and Software Process KAs. In general, software construction is mostly coding and debugging, but it also involves construction planning, detailed design, unit testing, integration testing, and other activities.
The choice of construction method is a key aspect of the construction-planning activity. The choice of construction method affects the extent to which construction prerequisites are performed, the order in which they are performed, and the degree to which they should be completed before construction work begins. Each of these objectives may also be addressed at the process, requirements, and design levels—but they will be influenced by the choice of construction method.
Construction planning also defines the order in which components are created and integrated, the integration strategy for example, phased or incremental integration , the software quality management processes, the allocation of task assignments to specific software engineers, and other tasks, according to the chosen method.
Numerous construction activities and artifacts can be measured—including code developed, code modified, code reused, code destroyed, code complexity, code inspection statistics, fault-fix and fault-find rates, effort, and scheduling.
These measurements can be useful for purposes of managing construction, ensuring quality during construction, and improving the construction process, among other uses see the Software Engineering Process KA or more on measurement. Construction is an activity in which the software engineer has to deal with sometimes chaotic and changing real-world constraints, and he or she must do so precisely.
Due to the influence of real-world constraints, construction is more driven by practical considerations than some other KAs, and software engineering is perhaps most craft-like in the construction activities. Some projects allocate considerable design activity to construction, while others allocate design to a phase explicitly focused on design.
Regardless of the exact allocation, some detailed design work will occur at the construction level, and that design work tends to be dictated by constraints imposed by the real-world problem that is being addressed by the software. The details of the design activity at the construction level are essentially the same as described in the Software Design KA, but they are applied on a smaller scale of algorithms, data structures, and interfaces.
Construction languages include all forms of communication by which a human can specify an executable problem solution to a problem. Construction languages and their implementations for example, compilers can affect software quality attributes of performance, reliability, portability, and so forth. They can be serious contributors to security vulnerabilities. The simplest type of construction language is a configuration language , in which software engineers choose from a limited set of predefined options to create new or custom software installations.
The text-based configuration files used in both the Windows and Unix operating systems are examples of this, and the menu-style selection lists of some program generators constitute another example of a configuration language. Toolkit languages are used to build applications out of elements in toolkits integrated sets of application-specific reusable parts ; they are more complex than configuration languages.
Scripting languages are commonly used kinds of application programming languages. In some scripting languages, scripts are called batch files or macros. Programming languages are the most flexible type of construction languages.
They also contain the least amount of information about specific application areas and development processes therefore, they require the most training and skill to use effectively. There are three general kinds of notation used for programming languages, namely. Linguistic notations are distinguished in particular by the use of textual strings to represent complex software constructions.
The combination of textual strings into patterns may have a sentence-like syntax. Properly used, each such string should have a strong semantic connotation providing an immediate intuitive understanding of what will happen when the software construction is executed. Formal notations rely less on intuitive, everyday meanings of words and text strings and more on definitions backed up by precise, unambiguous, and formal or mathematical definitions.
Formal construction notations and formal methods are at the semantic base of most forms of system programming notations, where accuracy, time behavior, and testability are more important than ease of mapping into natural language. Formal constructions also use precisely defined ways of combining symbols that avoid the ambiguity of many natural language constructions. Visual notations rely much less on the textual notations of linguistic and formal construction and instead rely on direct visual interpretation and placement of visual entities that represent the underlying software.
However, these icons can be powerful tools in cases where the primary programming task is simply to build and "adjust" a visual interface to a program, the detailed behavior of which as an underlying definition.
Construction involves two forms of testing, which are often performed by the software engineer who wrote the code:. The purpose of construction testing is to reduce the gap between the time when faults are inserted into the code and the time when those faults are detected, thereby reducing the cost incurred to fix them. In some instances, test cases are written after code has been written. In other instances, test cases may be created before code is written.
Construction testing typically involves a subset of the various types of testing, which are described in the Software Testing KA. For instance, construction testing does not typically include system testing, alpha testing, beta testing, stress testing, configuration testing, usability testing, or other more specialized kinds of testing. See sections 2. Construction for reuse creates software that has the potential to be reused in the future for the present project or other projects taking a broadbased, multisystem perspective.
Construction for reuse is usually based on variability analysis and design. To avoid the problem of code clones, it is desired to encapsulate reusable code fragments into well-structured libraries or components. The tasks related to software construction for reuse during coding and testing are as follows:. Construction with reuse means to create new software with the reuse of existing software assets.
The most popular method of reuse is to reuse code from the libraries provided by the language, platform, tools being used, or an organizational repository. Asides from these, the applications developed today widely make use of many open-source libraries. Reused and off-the-shelf software often have the same—or better—quality requirements as newly developed software for example, security level.
The tasks related to software construction with reuse during coding and testing are as follows:. In addition to faults resulting from requirements and design, faults introduced during construction can result in serious quality problems—for example, security vulnerabilities. This includes not only faults in security functionality but also faults elsewhere that allow bypassing of this functionality and other security weaknesses or violations.
Numerous techniques exist to ensure the quality of code as it is constructed. The primary techniques used for construction quality include.
The specific technique or techniques selected depend on the nature of the software being constructed as well as on the skillset of the software engineers performing the construction activities.
Programmers should know good practices and common vulnerabilities—for example, from widely recognized lists about common vulnerabilities. Automated static analysis of code for security weaknesses is available for several common programming languages and can be used in security-critical projects. Construction quality activities are differentiated from other quality activities by their focus.
Construction quality activities focus on code and artifacts that are closely related to code—such as detailed design—as opposed to other artifacts that are less directly connected to the code, such as requirements, high-level designs, and plans. A key activity during construction is the integration of individually constructed routines, classes, components, and subsystems into a single system. Trading environments require up-to-date, accurate information while regulation has forced financial institutions to provide better protection against counterparty risk and increase the transparency of their contracts.
Banking requirements vary widely from trading agreements through to orderly crisis resolution, client segregation and protection against proprietary trading. Unreliable data continues to cost banks Millions in mis-priced trades, dispute resolution and ongoing operational effort. Lyncs also provides our customers with the tools to respond rapidly to shock market events such as the financial crisis and now COVID The economic impact of such events requires rapid access to accurate data such as ratings triggers, termination events and negative interest rates.
Without a proper solution people reach for their contracts — such throw-away activities tend to be costly. Lyncs is unique in its ability to provide a data store that can feed your operational systems risk, collateral , trading that also meets the needs of regulatory projects. Together they form a unique fingerprint. View full fingerprint. Communications of the ACM , 23 10 , Chand, Donald R. In: Communications of the ACM.
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